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76 CRANDELL, FREUND AND MOEN July
the full tolerance of imbalance at the time of shooting, no tolerance is left for the manufacture or processing of the film.
A practical and sound tolerance, then, which we believe should be recommended at this time, is =*= 5 Mireds. At tungsten temperatures, this represents about =±=50 degrees K, and at daylight temperatures, ±200 degrees.
Permissible variation in directions away from the black-body locus remains to be investigated.
Before going farther, we shall consider the steps involved in complete color control in the studio, after which we shall take up a proposed means of systematizing such control. The major steps which affect the validity of color reproduction in a motion picture are the following:
1. Selection of correct subject matter.
2. Use of illuminants of correct color balance while shooting.
3. Correct color balance of film sensitivities and filter transmissions.
4. Use of a camera objective which is reasonably nonselective.
5. Balanced negative processing.
6. Balanced printing of the positive.
7. Balanced positive processing.
8. Projection with light of uniform color, both in distribution and duration (and preferably as white as possible), and with a minimum of stray light reaching the screen.
9. A screen which is reasonably nonselective. 10. An observer with normal vision.
With slight exceptions, these steps apply with equal force to all processes in use at the present time, and we shall briefly consider the part which the color balance of illuminants plays in several of these steps.
1 . Selection of Subject Matter. This involves the choice of fabrics for costumes, pigments for set decoration, cosmetics for makeup, and many other items. Some of this choice is done by visual color .matching, some by practical tests shot in advance. In the case of visual matching, it seems to us particularly unfortunate that there is a general tendency in the studios to do this under fluorescent lighting. As Nickerson,4 Evans, and others have recently pointed out, the presence of strong blue and orange monochromatic bands in these illuminaires leads to considerable distortion of colors with fairly abrupt absorptions and reflectances. The use of properly filtered tungsten sources would lead to more consistent and reliable color matching and selection, particularly in the makeup department. Such sources should be checked frequently for proper color with a