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526 JAMES A. MOSES November
visual program, almost overnight the requirements for 16-mm films and sound projectors mushroomed into a large-scale operation. The Signal Corps Photographic Laboratory at the War College printed sizable quantities of 16-mm reduction prints from their 35-mm negatives and, as utilization of the new prints was contingent upon availability of suitable 16-mm projection equipment, local "off the shelf" procurements of several commercial models resulted. Selection of the 16-mm equipment was made after three weeks of testing during which time each type of projector was subjected to approximately 500 hr of continuous operation.
The turn of events on December 7, 1941, and entry of the United States into a shooting war initiated a greatly expanded program of photographic functions and operations within the Signal Corps. The Chief Signal Officer was assigned the responsibility at the outset for providing visual training aids, which included: the production and distribution of training films; combat photography for both military and historical purposes; morale of troops in presentation of entertainment motion pictures; and photographic laboratory, development and research. The scope widened further, with the progress of war, to cover all aspects of ground photography and, in some cases, it was necessary to take to the air. No precedents had been set to guide the task of supply that had to be accomplished in a comparatively short period of time; and the organization of pictorial activities and operation of procurement, storage and issue, starting with a system of trial and error, emerged into the Signal Corps' present Army Pictorial Service.
No planned procurements for projection equipment and supplies were in existence until late 1942, when Army Pictorial Service established the Photographic Equipment Branch to review requirements and initiate procurement action for various major items of projection and other pictorial equipment. Signal Corps specifications for projectors were practically nonexistent at that time. However, with the establishment of the Pictorial Engineering and Research Laboratory (PEARL) in early 1943, the Army standardization of projectors and other pictorial materials was begun. It was also a responsibility of the Laboratory to investigate, design and develop new types of photographic equipment. There the nucleus of what is now the Photographic Branch of Squier Signal Laboratory (SCEL), Fort Monmouth, N.J., commenced to make tests of 16-mm projectors and allied equipment, to write procurement specifications, training manuals and technical literature. Viewed in retrospect, it was a tiny and seemingly inconsequential organization in relation to the part it was des