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538 VICTOR VOLMAR November
vances each title at the proper footage, makes a full-length title negative (Fig. 2) . Short or Debrie title negatives, which are cheaper and necessitate only a short title roll, because each title is printed only once, are less popular now, since there is as yet no machine which will make them adaptable for 16-mm prints. The procedure may vary somewhat with each laboratory.
Before starting to make the prints in the foreign languages, a foreign main-title background negative is needed, i.e., the beginning of the picture without all the titles and credits, so that the main titles and credits can be superimposed on it in the foreign languages. From the opening of the first scene, the picture is printed like any domestic print, except that the foreign title negative is run through the printer at the same time, so that the foreign titles (black on the title negative) appear transparent on the finished print and white on the screen. The sound track remains the same for the entire picture, except where there are narrations, which may be substituted in the foreign languages.
In addition, some companies first make a full-length negative of "scratch titles" in English, usually typewritten, which is then printed together with the picture negative and the resultant print is projected for examination of length and convenience of titles.
In the case of color prints, subtitles are added by various processes. Either the subtitles appear in a black frame at the bottom of the picture, or the titles are created by taking the emulsion off the base, by hot stencil, which burns the titles out of the color, or by the more popular stencil-etching process, in which the titles are etched out of the color The last-named process was particularly successful in an Alpine picture, as the titles usually appeared on a white background, but the etching created a thin, colored line around each letter, which made it stand out perfectly.
Trailers follow the same procedure as pictures. The foreign trailer is printed from a trailer negative without lettering, plus a title negative, for which all large main titles and credits are photographed from hand-drawn cards, the same as the opening of a picture. The dialogue, translated in subtitles, is photographed from typeset printed cards (Fig. 3). The English sound track is usually kept for the foreign version, except where narrative parts may be substituted. Entirely new, independent trailers of important pictures may be made in the foreign languages, stressing in each the particular points in the picture that would especially appeal to that particular foreign-language audience.
Subtitling must be simple, direct and concise. Entire sentences