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540 VICTOR VOLMAR November
will permit only dubbed versions to be shown. They are also preferred in France and usually are done in France.
The system of narration mentioned above is particularly suited for the lesser-used languages, like Arabic, which many can understand but few can read. A sound track is made of a running explanation of the happenings on the screen and is mixed with the sound-and-effects track, and sometimes even with the original English dialogue, which is then heard in the background.
In examining the situation in the leading languages, we may turn first to Latin America, where Spanish is spoken with slight variations in vocabulary and pronunciation by nineteen nations (including Spain itself), so that it is impossible to assemble a dubbing crew to suit them all. This is one of the reasons why even the largest companies are abandoning the dubbing system in favor of subtitling, at least for Spanish and Portuguese. Another reason is that many foreign moviegoers, though they may not understand a word of English, still prefer to hear the players' real voices, especially when these are famous for diction and delivery. There are other foreign patrons who speak English and would resent it if the original dialogue were eliminated, and there are still others who go to the cinema not only to be entertained but also to learn English. It is probably no exaggeration to say that motion pictures, as an agent for the dissemination of the English language, rate second only to the presence of the members of our armed forces in many parts of the world.
Several foreign governments now see, in subtitling, a means of encouraging the far-flung masses to learn to read and write, and therefore insist on correct grammar and the latest spelling for each picture. Thus motion pictures contribute considerably to the eradication of illiteracy abroad.
Pictures made in Spain can be relied upon for having dialogue spoken in the pure Castilian of Spain, with hardly any slang. Slang is mainly the product of a metropolis, and Spain has no real metropolis. Both Madrid and Barcelona, the latter being Catalonian, besides, are cities of only one million inhabitants. The same is not quite true of pictures made in Argentina. These definitely bear the linguistic imprint of a big city, Buenos Aires. Mexican pictures, which in the past have been woven mainly around rural life, contain a number of Mexican expressions which are not readily understood elsewhere.
Spanish pictures made in Spain are linguistically acceptable to Hispano-American audiences, but American pictures, if they were dubbed by Spaniards, would not be. The Latin American objects to the "ceceo." There is something like a "neutral" Hispanic pronun