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542 VICTOR VOLMAR November
Even in subtitling pictures in Spanish there are difficulties. Names of plants and animals, especially, change from one country to another. Translators must guard against regional expressions and those that have a double, sometimes objectionable, meaning.
Portuguese is spoken with slight variations in Brazil, where in some remote regions the ancient Portuguese still prevails, the same as Canadian French still contains many archaic French terms. Portuguese spoken in Portugal varies considerably from region to region, Portugal being an older country. Vocabularies of Portugal and Brazil also differ, and subtitled versions are made with the Brazilian vocabulary, as the Brazilian audience is so much larger. If no separate version is made for Portugal, some companies send their translations to Portugal for checking and then change only those titles which would not be properly understood in Portugal.
The Brazilian and the Portuguese Academies recently agreed on a common, simplified spelling. Although it is far from universally observed, this simplified spelling is usually used in the subtitles, or it should be. The latest edition of the Pequeno Diciondrio Brasileiro da Lingua Portugufoa, published in Brazil, should be consulted, and also, especially for the change of accents in the plural, the Pequeno Vocabuldrio Ortogrdfico da Lingua Portugufoa, the official work of the Academia Brasileira de Letras, and approved by the Academia das Ci£ncias de Lisboa.
French dialogue, which adheres to the speech of Paris, invariably includes a good deal of the "langage populaire," the popular lingo, which is somewhat between real argot (slang) and French. Everybody in France uses it, even in the best circles. It is a terminology which is not contained in textbooks or school grammars, but which one must know if one wants to converse in French. Sometimes regional accent is mixed in (mainly the Southern, such as that of Fernandel, who is a Marseillais), but the body of the picture is always in French.
Dubbing is always done in the Paris pronunciation, which is about standard French, and French subtitles are in pure French plus the above-mentioned "langage populaire."
Italian films are invariably in pure Italian (Tuscan) , unless there is dialect mixed in in spots. As in Spain, there is no slang in Italy, since the various dialects, which sometimes amount to separate languages, like Piedmontese, take the place of slang. Dubbing and subtitling should always be in pure Italian and should present no difficulties.