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604 JOHN G. FRAYNE
Hollywood 16-mm studio where it is reported that an effective 4 db of noise reduction is obtained. It is difficult to obtain more than this amount without serious distortion of low-level signals and also volume expansion, as is obvious from reference to the curving characteristic of Fig. 9 for lower film-transmission values.
Summary
The difficulties hitherto inherent in contact printing of sound tracks, particularly with 16-mm films, have increased interest in what is coming to be known as electrical printing. In this process the release sound track is recorded directly on the composite print. This method obviates the difficulties inherent in contact printing and permits correction of sound level and frequency equalization in the transfer process. Electrical printing may be done on reversible color films by recording standard negative sound track with standard d-c bias. For electrical printing on black-and-white positive emulsions, either a direct-positive variable-area or a direct-positive variable-density print may be made. With the former, a d-c type of bias can be employed to enhance the volume range. With the latter, the use of a supersonic bias eliminates the distortion otherwise found in "toe" variable-density positives. The high average transmission of films made with the latter method assures not only a high output but also a fairly good signal-to-noise ratio. The addition of a d-c bias adds still further to the permissible volume range. In all electrical printing techniques, the resulting prints show improved flutter performance, have better steady-state high-frequency response and have considerably less amplitude modulation of the higher frequencies.
REFERENCES
1. J. Crabtree, "Sound film printing," Jour. SMPE, vol. 22, p. 98, Feb. 1934.
2. L. B. Browder, "Direct-positive variable-area recording with the light valve,"
Jour. SMPE, vol. 53, p. 149, Aug. 1949.
3. G. L. Dimmick and A. C. Blaney, "A direct-positive system of sound record
ing," Jour. SMPE, vol. 33, p. 479, Nov. 1939.
4. D. O'Dea, "Comparison of variable-area sound recording films," Jour. SMPE,
vol. 45, p. 1, July 1945.
5. John G. Frayne and Halley Wolfe, Elements of Sound Recording, p. 275, John
Wiley, New York, 1949.
6. W. J. Albersheim, "Device for direct reproduction from variable-density sound
negatives," Jour. SMPE, vol. 29, p. 274, Sept. 1937.
7. John G. Frayne and Halley Wolfe, Elements of Sound Recording, p. 288, John
Wiley, New York, 1949.
8. C. R. Keith and V. Pagliarulo, "Direct-positive variable-density recording with
the light valve," Jour. SMPE, vol. 52, p. 690, June 1949.
9. J. G. Frayne and R. R. Scoville, "Analysis and measurement of distortion in
variable-density recording," Jour. SMPE, vol. 32, p. 648, June 1939.