Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (1950-1954)

An explanation of the variations of the results from the theory can be found hi the experiments which will be presented in a later paper regarding the delayed onset of turbulence. A considerable amount of research is now being carried on in the field of heat transfer to gain more knowledge regarding the onset of turbulence. It may be possible that the experiments presently being conducted in the field of heat transfer concerning the study of turbulence promoters can be directly applied to turbulent developing so that the time factor will again become a linear function of Reos/D. Some indications exist that increased rates of development can be obtained by fully developed turbulence. From the data obtained it appears that using Super XX Aerographic film and D-19 developer at a temperature of 68 F the time factor of turbulent developing over continuous agitation developing will vary between approximately 1.5 and 2.25 and the time factor of turbulent developing over no agitation developing varies between approximately 2.2 and 4.5. It is, therefore, reasonable to conclude that a time advantage of 2 over continuous agitation can be obtained under field conditions if turbulent developing is used. Similarly, a time advantage over no agitation of approximately 3^ can be obtained under field conditions if turbulent developing is used. Higher time factors may be feasible, especially at higher functions of Re"-*/D, but this has not yet been experimentally verified. Examination of Figs. 16 and 17 indicates that a time factor of turbulent fixing over continuous agitation fixing varies between 1.78 and 2.35 with an average value of approximately 2. Similarly, a time factor of turbulent fixing over no agitation fixing of 3.15 can be expected under field conditions where this time factor actually varied from 2.55 to 3.75. The experiments on turbulent wash ing indicate that using Super XX Aerographic film at 68 F the time factor of turbulent washing over washing in a tank with water flowing continuously will be approximately 3j under field conditions. The time factor actually varied between the values of 2 and 5 in the experiments. The overall results of the experiments performed seem to indicate that a time factor of turbulent processing over continuous agitation processing of at least 2 can be obtained under field conditions for the entire photographic process using Super XX Aerographic film with standard developer (D-19) and standard fixer (F-6) at a temperature of 68 F. The overall results indicate also that a time factor of turbulent processing over no agitation processing of at least 3j for the entire photographic processing can be obtained under field conditions using Super XX Aerographic film with standard developer (D-19) and standard temperature of 68 F. The experiments seem to indicate conclusively that the rate of processing will be a function of Re*-*/D and it has also been observed that high Re°-*/D factors can be successfully obtained with extremely narrow channels requiring a minimum of horsepower for the pumping of fluids. It was observed that the highest rates of development were usually obtained with a total required horsepower of not more than ~ to f for a photographic strip 6 in. long and approximately 1 in. wide. Further Improvements to Be Expected The experiments described above indicated that a minimum time factor of 2 is certainly obtainable using turbulent flow principles. The fact that standard developer (D-l 9) and standard fixer (F-6) were used at a standard temperature (68 F) indicates that this time factor of 2 is independent of other improvements which can be obtained by other means. Consequently, the tune factor of 2 will always be in addi Katz and Esthimer: Turbulent Fluid Processing 127