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also four times the hydraulic radius, whichever way you'd like to express it.
Mr. Ireland: From this equation that you give here, since the viscosity and density are constants, is the diffusion proportional to the velocity0-8 then?
Mr. Katz: The diffusion is equivalent to velocity0-8 divided by the diameter to the 0.2 power. You may notice that the expression governing the rate of mass transfer always has diameter in it. So it is not sufficient to have high velocity, you must also have a very small diameter.
Mr. Ireland: Were these experiments all done with turbulent fluid flow? Were there any in which the Reynolds number was less than that necessary to give turbulent fluid flow?
Mr. Katz: No, the machine was designed so as to operate at a Reynolds number of at least 10,000, which is well in the turbulent region. 1 0,000 to 1 00,000 is the range in which we operated.
Charles N. Edwards (Fairchild Camera Corp.) : I was especially curious about
your talk on further research when you mentioned using electrical fields to accelerate ionization. Can you give me more information in regard to your work with this process?
Mr. Katz: The biggest ion transfer in the photographic process is, of course, washing and we simply computed that the rate of diffusion of the ions through the gelatin would be helped if an electric field would be applied to them. Then once they got to the surface they could be carried off by the turbulent stream, so in combination of electric field and turbulent flow you might get a very large decrease in the washing time required and therefore you would save a lot of water by doing so. No further work has been done on this.
William H. 0/enhauser, Jr., Consultant, New Canaan, Conn.: (In accordance with a suggestion by Mr. Offenhauser, the author has augmented his original definitions in order to make the presentation as nearly as possible complete within itself.)
Katz and Esthimer: Turbulent Fluid Processing
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