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56 LIVING PICTURES. Chrono-photography, properly so-called. It will be seen that a photograph of a man lifting his arm would (if the exposure lasted during the whole movement) result in a blur, but if a number of separate exposures were made in the same time, a series of overlapping images, equal in number to the exposures, would occupy the place of the one-exposure blur, and the outlines of these images would in addition form a perfect record of the successive positions of the arm. The apparatus necessary for this species of Chrono- photography [i.e. on a fixed plate) is simple in the extreme. It is only required that a slotted shutter should be revolved before the plate. Fig. 58, in order that successive images may be formed; and these images will be separated ^1 fiffffclL -^^ proportion to the move- 11 III ment of the object. This method is all-sufficient for the \^/ analysis of motion, but the ' _Jtl,,_ results have anything but a popular aspect; the different im^ages frequently consist in nothing but lines and dots representing rods and beads attached to a black-robed subject, who when fully equipped appears to be under the hands of a surgeon rather than those of a photo- grapher. Much work was done on these lines, indeed has been continued up to the present day; but such pictures, valuable as they are for the physiological information they impart, are in no sense suited for the reconstitution of the movement of which they form the elements, and much time elapsed before attempts were made to secure separate and distinct photographs of the phases of a given motion. Had a flexible surface been available, no doubt progress would soon have been made ; indeed, the necessity of separating the images was felt and a Fig. ;8.