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212 LIVING TICTUEES. film. The utmost care could not keep these pads entirely free from dust, and the film-surface suffered in consequence. But of late nearly all machines either give a pressure on the margins only, or release the pressure on the film during its motion, and the earlier disadvantages of the film-trap thus disappear. With regard to the correct placing of the picture on the screen, there is no necessity to register the film with the actual exposure-opening. The pictures being placed at regular distances, a gauge may be fitted at any point in the path of the film, and if a picture be accurately set to this gauge, the one ready for projection should be found truly placed in position. Most machines are fitted with a movable frame, which outlines the picture, and which can be adjusted so as to compensate for creeping of the film. As regards placing films in the machine, it must be confessed that this is one of the great trials to which an exhibitor is subject. The best of audiences is impatient of delay, and the substitution of one film for another is no easy matter. To attach the various subjects so that they run on one after the other is a simple method of evading the difficulty, but has the serious disadvantage of preventing the selection and arrangement of certain films for any desired lecture. In some machines the front portion turns on one side to allow the film to be laid in place, the friction-rollers returning to their gripping position when the apparatus is closed. To fill up the time during the change of film it is desirable to have some arrangement for the projection of ordinary slides, and this course is to be recommended as heightening the effect of Living Pictures by contrast with a motionless one. Of course this end may be- attained by the use of a second lantern, or some means of deflecting the light through a second optical system of the usual projection type; but probably the most