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BRITISH FATE ATS. 247 the film intermittently; but instead of being inserted, as usual, from the back, the prongs are passed through a front plate below the lens, and engage with the film perforations when the film is held forward by a spring plate, to which the film is held down by rollers. At such times as. the film is required to be at rest this spring plate is forced back by a cam or electro-magnetic action, thus drawing the film away from the claw. Several modifications described. Shutter as Fig. 228. 107. COPP, C. P. No. 2,204. 27 January, 1897. Very vague description of apparatus " on the principle of the Wheel of Life." 108. Rateau, a. No. 5,026. 24 February, 1897. Motion as in Fig. 134. Special driving and tension devices. 109. KOOPMAN, E. B. No. 5,995. 6 March, 1897. In this machine all parts are in continuous motion except the film itself. The film passes over a feed-drum and is drawn down at a regular rate by two friction-rollers below the exposure- aperture, these rollers rotating at a surface speed twice as great as that of the feed-drum. The film is normally clipped by a spring-clamp above the exposure-aperture, and when this is the case the friction-rollers merely slip over the surface of the film, but when the clamp is taken off by a revolving pin the friction of the rollers rapidly draws the film down, the slack which had accumulated behind the clamp coming forward ready for the next exposure. Unperforated films are used, but a punch makes two holes, one each side of each picture while in position, thus providing a means of absolute registration in the subsequent preparation of the picture. no. Parnaland, A. F. No. 6,202. 9 March, 1897. Improvements on (78) above. Spring steadying- frame for film and methods of reciprocating the claw-frame. III. Bernstein, F. No. 6,536. 12 March, 1897. Motion very similar to Fig. 118, but disc bears two pegs and two raised curves for steadying. Shutter as Fig. 231.