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AT THE THRESHOLD 15 be well, for purposes of comparison, to take it as the basis for this discussion of film measurements. In comparing 16mm. film with the more recent 8mm., unless the prin- ciples are fully explained at the outset, references to the two film systems may constantly tend to confuse the reader. Therefore, a full explanation is offered. In the 8mm. system, the film that is delivered to you from the laboratory for projection (throwing the image on the screen by running exposed, developed and printed film—generally referred to as processed film—through the projector, or machine for screening) is exactly 8mm. wide and carries down one side a single row of perforations (holes in the film to engage the camera and projector mechanisms). Since this film is but 8mm. wide, it follows that the width of each separate frame, or picture on the film, is much smaller than the corresponding frames of 16mm. film. In fact, the 8mm. frame is but half the width of the 16mm. frame and, therefore, is only half its height. This being the case, twice as many 8mm. frames will occur in a linear foot of 8mm. film as in a linear foot of 16mm. There are forty frames to a foot in 16mm. and eighty frames to a foot in 8mm. film. This means that, in the finished film (film that has been taken by you and proc- essed by the manufacturer) the equivalent in 8mm. of a given footage in 16mm. will be exactly half, so that, for a certain length of projection time, twice the length of 16mm. film will be needed as of 8mm. Consequently, whenever reference is made to a given footage in 16mm., there will follow in parentheses its equivalent footage in 8mm., both lengths of film giving the same projection time. Thus, ten feet 16mm. is equivalent to five feet 8mm. and five feet 16mm. to two and one half feet 8mm. However, another point must be considered with refer- ence to the comparison of 8mm. and 16mm. and that point involves the raw film (film that has not yet been exposed to light and on which, therefore, no picture has been