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18 MAKING BETTER MOVIES era parts.) If possible, try threading with actual film as well as with the paper dummy, if the trial length provided is not, itself, film. A short length of old film may easily be procured for this purpose. Essentials of the motion picture camera (Refer to diagram) A. Upper or feed spool. In loading the camera, this spool, which contains the raw film, is put in place first. BB. Pressure or idler rollers. These rollers keep the perfora- tions in the film engaged in the teeth of sprocket wheel (N). C. Upper loop. Provides correct amount of slack in the film to allow for the step by step or intermittent motion im- parted by the claw (H). (See K.) D. Film gate. A spring pressure is provided which is just sufficient to hold the film steady between each successive movement. E. Aperture. The opening which defines the area of the picture. The image formed by the lens (G) is focused on the sensitive emulsion of the film through this aperture. F. Shutter. A revolving segment so timed that it cuts off the light from the lens (G) during the period in which the film is being moved to a new position by the claw (H). G. Lens. A combination of suitably ground circular ele- ments of optical glass which bends light rays to form an image. The lens axis (XX) also passes through the center of the aperture. The tube in which the lens elements are mounted is called the lens barrel. H. Claw or shuttle. The teeth or pins which engage the perforations in the film and move it downward through a