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AT THE THRESHOLD 21 the film again comes to rest, exposing a fresh surface at the aperture (E). At the same time, the opaque sector of the shutter has now passed the lens, and the stationary film again receives the lens image. This cycle normally takes place sixteen times a second in amateur cameras. Since half of each cycle is taken up by the film travel, the dura- tion of each period in which the film is exposed to the image formed by the lens is normally about 1/32 of a second. Loading and unloading Try to avoid loading—putting film into the camera— in direct sunlight. The "daylight loading" spools are effec- tive in protecting the film, but, with the fast emulsions now available, even a small amount of light may fog the film, so that it is better to load the camera in the shade, in a spot sheltered from the bright sky, indoors or under a dark coat or garment. ("Fast," when applied to film, means having much sensitivity to light.) In preparing the film for threading, do not pull off too much of the paper or other leader from the roll, as the danger of fogging is thereby increased. (A leader is a short protecting length of paper or insensitive film at the beginning and end of a fresh spool.) The same precautions should be followed in unloading the camera after the picture is shot (a slang term meaning to take a picture). At all times, keep the film wound tightly on the spool; if it is allowed to come loose while you are handling it, danger of fogging will be incurred. A little practice will show how, in threading, not to use too much of the leader. All that is necessary is enough to pass through the camera mechanism, with a turn or two around the takeup spool. Run the camera for a few seconds with the cover off, to observe if the leader is going through the mechanism properly. The paper leader is threaded so that its black side is toward the lens. In the case of certain kinds of supersensitive film, which have no