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146
MOSES AND EGYPT
166. N. M. Davies, I, Pis. 26, 35, 36, 37, 52; II, Pis. 54, 61, 70, 72, 87, 89, 91, 92. See also Encycl. Phot. Musee du Caire, Pis. 12, 32, 51, 58, 59, 82, 88; Erman and Ranke, pp. 249-251.
167. a) H. E. Winlock, Treasure of El Lahun (New York, 1934), Pis. 2,3.
b) Winlock, Treasure of Three Egyptian
Princesses (New York, 1948), PI. 3.
c) Schaefer and Andrae, p. 307.
168. Erman and Ranke, pp. 246-250. Also Engelbach, p. 151: Lucas, pp. 41-42.
169. Lucas, pp. 42-43.
170. Ibid., p. 383.
or a lotus blossom was set into it.166 Ladies of rank, particularly those of royalty, used attractive gold decorations to enhance their beauty— for example, in the form of small tubes through which strands of hair were pulled or of gold wire delicately shaped into a circlet, placed upon the head with gold rosettes set into the hair. Another head ornament, which barely permitted the hair to show, was composed of gold bands linked solidly together and decorated with a prolific rosette design.107
These elaborate styles for men and women, in the main, were accomplished with the help of "switches" or complete wigs.108 A number of these have been found. Those exhibited in the Cairo Museum have been microscopically examined and carefully analyzed by Lucas. According to his reliable report the opinion that wigs were, at times, made of wool or horsehair has to be discarded. They were always made of human hair, though sometimes a filler was inserted consisting of reddish-brown fibres of the date palm. When first examined such human hair appeared to be black. Upon cleaning, the natural colors were found to vary from light brown to brown to dark brown. The darkening of the color undoubtedly had come about by an accumulation of foreign matter over the millenia— and beeswax. Beeswax was applied to keep the hair in order, to set it in manifold patterns.169 On mural paintings the ancient Egyptians generally depicted the hair of their own people in black.
With all these customs of wearing elaborate wigs, cropping the hair short or shaving it, it is amusing to find that the ancient Egyptians had vanities similar to modern men and women. Prescriptions to promote the growth of hair have been deciphered. One ointment was composed of the fats of the gazelle, serpent, crocodile and hippopotamus. The other prescribed a combination of the fats of the lion, hippopotamus, crocodile, cat, serpent, and goat.170 To prevent hair from turning grey or white, it was suggested that the blood of a black calf or that of a bull's horn be cooked in