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COSTUMES AND ADORNMENTS
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green ore of copper ) and an ore of lead called galena. Both of them are referred to as "kohl."186 The green color derived from malachite was applied to the lower eyelids, while the black of galena was painted upon eyebrows and upper eyelids from where it was drawn out in an elongated line to give Egyptian eyes such a startling appearance.187
Egyptian women liked to color their cheeks. The ingredient applied seems to have been powdered red ochre.188 There is an ancient sketch showing a woman putting rouge upon her lips with a special applicator189 that looks not unlike a modern orange stick.
Whether rich or poor, Egyptians loved to have their bodies rubbed with oil. Such treatment not only brought forth a feeling of well-being but, considering the climatic conditions in which these people lived, it was a necessity as well.190
Since the process of distillation was still unknown at that time, a variety of perfumes was obtained by soaking flowers and other fragrant substances in oil and fat. Such oils and ointments were also imported, but in ancient Greece Egyptian perfumes were considered the best. Aside from fats and oils some of the ingredients to make perfume were cinnamon, myrrh, cardamon, sweet rush, bitter almonds, root of iris, honey, wine, resin, cassia, balsamum and fruit extracts.191
Incense was burned for personal as well as ritual use. It may interest the reader to compare the words incense and perfume. They have a close identity in their original meaning and usage. The former is derived from the Latin incendere, i.e. "to burn," and the latter from per fumum, which means "through smoke."192
There are two formulas in the Book of Exodus prescribing the ingredients and amounts for the admixture of an "oil of holy ointment"193 and "a perfume . . . pure and holy."194 To make the ointment, the following measures are given: ". . . of pure myrrh five hundred shekels, and of sweet cinnamon half so much . . .
186. Lucas, pp. 99-104.
187. Erman and Ranke, p. 257.
188. Lucas, p. 104.
189. Erman and Pianke, p. 258.
190. Ibid., p. 259.
191. Lucas, pp. 105-110.
192. Ibid., p. 110.
193. Ex. 30:25.
194. Ex. 30:35.