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FOR MANAGERS AND OPERATORS 11 sition, thus still further insuring complete insulation and consequent confinement of the current. But if there be the very least metallic or other current- carrying connection with the earth there will be current con- stantly escaping from the lines, and this means waste pure and simple. It is the small "ground" (a "ground" is a cur- rent-carrying connection between the wires and the earth) that is dangerous to the pocketbook. If connection is such as to carry considerable current it will most likely manifest itself by heating, and may burn off, but the small ground is different, for you can't see it, you don't have any visible evidence that it is there; no one but the meter knows it exists, but all the same it works night and day. The power- house man may know of it through his ground detector, but he won't send any special messengers to tell you, since it is constantly adding to his "bills collectible." Be very careful, therefore, to have your insulation PER- FECT. Supposedly, in this day of multiplicity of electrical de- vices, nearly every one understands what a "short circuit," familiarly known among electricians as a "short," is. Never- theless I will explain the matter. As has been stated, the constant tendency of current is to lower its own pressure, just as steam seeks the open air for the same purpose. The positive wire of a circuit carries the full dynamo pressure, but the pressure of the negative wire is very much less. Current will therefore flow from the positive to the negative the instant any sort of current-carrying connection is estab- lished. A lamp is a limited short circuit between the positive and negative, limited because of its internal resistance which is calculated carefully to only allow a certain quantity of current passage. A. projection arc lamp is a dead short cir- cuit when the carbons are closed, but the short is controlled by the resistance device (rheostat or compensator) placed in series with it. The true "short," however, is where the two wires of the circuit become joined through contact with- out any such controlling device. Such a short may be by reason of the two wires coming in direct contact, in which case the fuses will blow or the wires heat and probably burn off. Fuses are supposed to, and by all means should, be small enough to blow the instant such a short is established, other-