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FOR MANAGERS AND OPERATORS 27 insulating, non-combustible material. Each circuit must have its own service switch, as: "ist border," "2d border," "Foots," etc., etc., and each switch should be plainly labeled with the name of the circuit it controls. NOTHING BUT EN- CLOSED FUSES SHOULD BE ALLOWED ON A STAGE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES. Plug fuses (B, Fig. 10) or cartridge fuses (Fig. 9) are proper fuses for stage use. Great care should be taken to have all binding-post con- tacts and wire joints tight to prevent any heating, and espe- cial care must be had that the insulation of wires, switches, etc., is perfect. FUSES. As has been stated, the electric current generates heat by elec- trical friction as it passes through the wires. A short circuit, ground or overload, might cause such large quantities of current to flow as would heat the conductor red hot, thus causing in- numerable fires, or an excess of current might burn out large numbers of incandescent filaments were it not for the protection aflforded by what is called the "fuse." This latter is a short piece of soft metal possessing very high conductivity (current carrying capacity), but which fuses (melts) at about the same temperature as does lead, of which metal it is largely com- posed. Hence, inserting a short piece of fuse wire in a circuit protects both lamps and wires from excess of current since the instant the current flow increases above the capacity of the fuse it "blows out" (melts), thus automatically breaking the circuit and stopping all flow of current until a new fuse has bt-en in- stalled, which cannot be done until the cause of excess has been removed. It follows, however, that the size of fuse used on any given circuit must be proportionate to the current used on that circuit. To install a six-ampere fuse on a circuit carrying but three amperes would not protect the wires except to a lim- ited extent, the lamps practically not at all. To install a fuse of greater carrying capacity than the wires it is designed to protect would be almost as bad as installing none at all. It is not desirable, however, to put in fuses barely large enough to carry the ciirrent flow of a given circuit, since, if this is done, there is likely to be excessive and needless blowing of fuses, but it must be borne in mind that fuses ordinarily will carry about 20 per cent, overload. In the smaller fuses it is well to