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FOR MANAGERS AND OPERATORS 193
a light-tight box or casing), and each three-quarters of an inch of its length is successively exposed to light, and what is essentially a "snap shot" photograph impressed thereon at the rate of sixteen per second (that is to say sixteen per second is supposed to be the rate, but in practice camera speed varies considerably). After exposure the negative is developed, fixed and dried much the same as any ordinary kodak negative would be — the actual mechanical methods differ from the kodak film, of course, as the negative film will be more than 200 feet long, but the chemical action is precisely the same. The negative is then run through a projection machine so that the director may check up his work, make the scene over again, if necessary, or <cut out any undesirable portions. When the negative is finally in acceptable form, it is placed in a printing machine in contact with a strip of positive film (positive and negative film are exactly the same, except that a different grade or kind of photographic emulsion is used), and by means of another intermittent movement and revolving shutter, but without a lens this time, is exposed to artificial light of known power, each picture being exposed for the small fraction of a second. The positive film is then developed, fixed and dried, after which it is sent to the assembling room, where the various scenes constituting a complete photoplay are arranged in sequence, joined together, the titles and sub-titles put in, and it becomes the "reel of film" with which we are all so familiar.
These, very briefly and crudely, are the processes a film goes through in the course of its making.
The perforating is usually done by the producer, though perforated stock may be bought from the film stock maker. There are 64 perforations to the foot on either side, or four to the picture. Film perforation is one of the most vexing problems with which the producer is confronted. Unless it be done with absolute accuracy there will be unsteadiness, and if the negative be unsteady in the camera, and the positive be unsteady in the projection machine, the effect is to magnify the slightest inaccuracy in workmanship and produce a very unsteady picture on the screen. Then, too, even with absolute mechanical accuracy in the perforating room, carelessness in the drying room may cause trouble, or inequality in thickness of film stock may cause uneven shrinkage, and again there is unsteadiness in the final result on the screen. It will thus be seen that those producers who are giving us films which give steady projection are entitled to much credit for their painstaking care.