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FOR MANAGERS AND OPERATORS 199
Overloading reels has been the source of much annoyance to operators in the past, but it is not so! much practiced of late. Apparently even the exchanges are slowly learning to exercise a little common sense, in some directions at least, in the care of their property. The evil of the overloaded reel is threefold: (a) That portion of the film outside, or above the sides of the reels is absolutely unprotected, therefore liable to injury in many < ways; also it is likely to slip off, to the exasperation of the operator and possible delay of the show while it is wound on 'again, to say nothing of probable damage through contact with the more or less dusty, dirty floor, (b) The increased temptation to !"pull down," and pull down good and hard, too, to get a^ much of the film inside the reel as possible, and (c) The fact that the film may rub against the magazine, thus scratching the film, and possibly interfering with the operation of the takeup, incidentally requiring a very tight takeup tension, which is bad indeed, and a prolific source of damage to the first part of the film through scratching and pulling 'out the lower loop.
Leader and Tail Piece.— It is for several reasons essential that there be a "leader" and an opaque tail-piece on every reel of film, including multiple-reel features. In the first place, the leader protects the title from damage. In threading into the takeup it is frequently desirable, if not necessary, to fold an inch or so of the end of the film over on itself. By so doing it is made stiffer and is more easily thrust under the reel-spring. This means that the leader will occasionally break where it is folded; hence there will be gradual wasting av;ay. If this occurs on the title the damage is quite evident. Soon there will have to be a new title provided. If, however, it is only a leader that is being thus damaged, it is not serious. But there is another reason why leaders should be used, viz., in rewinding, when the job is done, the end of the film often flaps around anywhere from one to a dozen times before the reel stops revolving, and if there be no leader to receive the brunt of this rough treatment, the -title is injured. There is yet another reason which not only deals with the necessity for leaders, but also with their length. About 30 inches of film is required to thread into the takeup.
If there be not enough leader, the title will be practically all on the takenp side of the machine aperture when threading is completed. In order that the run may commence with the first image of the title it is necessary that there be not less than 30 inches of leader. If the title be short, even this is