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FOR MANAGERS AND OPERATORS 657
room arc lamp circuit switches in, but with the carbons separated.
The unit of quantity in which electrical power is measured, and on which your power bills are based, is the watthour, or the amperes times volts times hours. One watthour is the equivalent of one ampere multiplied by one volt multiplied by one hour. A 55-watt incandescent lamp will consume 55 watt-hours in one hour — that is to say it will consume that amount of power if it is actually using what it is supposed to use, a thing which seldom is true. Therefore if you use twenty-five 55-watt lamps for four hours, your light bill will be 55 X 25 X 4 = 5,500 watt-hours, or, 5^ kilowatt-hours ("kilowatt-hours" being a term which means 1,000 watt-hours). If your rate be 8 cents per kilowatthour, then the bill for that power would be 5.5 X 8 = 44 cents.
There are several different types of meters, but the principle of operation is the same in all. For alternating current the apparatus must, of course, be adapted for use with that kind of power, but I think, with those details the operator is not particularly interested.
Reading the Meter. — An electric meter is read precisely as you would read a gas meter. First carefully note the unit in which the dials are read. On all meters used by the Edison Company the figures above or below the dial indicate the value of one complete revolution of the pointer, hence one division indicates one-tenth of the value of the complete revolution. Carefully note the direction of rotation of the dial pointers, as indicated by the figures, the pointers moving of course, to figure 1, to figure 2, and so on around through figure 9 back to 0; also each dial will read in an opposite direction to its neighbor. Counting from the right on the five-dial register the pointers of the first, third and fifth dials of a watt-hour meter rotate in the direction of the lhands of a watch, or to the right, while the hands of the second and fourth dials move in the opposite direction. The same is true of the four-dial register — the first and third dials move to the right and the second and fourth to the left. The dials must always be read from right to left and the figures set down as read, carefully remembering that until the hand has reached a division that division does not count. For instance: In No. 3, Fig. 312, the right hand dial has passed 1, but has not reached 2, therefore it reads 1, likewise the second, or 100 dial hand has passed 2 but has not reached 3; therefore it reads 2.
Taking No. 1, Fig. 312, for example, it reads as follows: