Motion Picture Herald (Oct-Dec 1951)

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Zkc J^eedlc's Sye A Department nn PHDJECTIDIV & SOUND ★ ''No other art or industry in the world narrows down its success to quite such a NEEDLE’S EYE as that through which the motion picture has to pass — an optical aperture — in the continuous miracle of the screen by a man and his machine ^ the projectionist and his projector. TEKRY RAMSAYE. The Small Cost of Ousting the Menace of Low-Intensity By CIO CACLIARDI Assistant Chief Engineer of Sound, Projection and Maintenance, Warner Theatres, Newark Zone SINCE THE late I920’s, it has been the proud boast of the so-called “deluxe” motion picture theatres that they were equipped with high-intensity carbon arc lamps and were able to offer their patrons the best ligthed, most natural picture presentation available. In 1935 the non-rotating, simplified, high intensity d-c carbon arc was first introduced to the industry. Since then, a majority of theatres both large and small have availed themselves of this bounteous supply of snow-white light which could be produced efficiently and at reasonable cost. To my amazement, however, I have recently learned that in this country there are over four thousand theatres that are stilJ struggling along with antiquated and outmoded /otc-intensity carbon arc lamps. This condition is so astonishing that I believe it can only be tolerated either because of poor showmanship on the part of the exhibitors, or because of gross misunderstanding regarding the cost of producing high-intensity quality light for the screens of their theatres. We all can remember the low-intensity carbon lamp with its small reflector and large diameter condenser. This lamp used the 12, 13, or 14 millimeter low-intensity positive carbons in the form of a thickwalled tube with a central core of softer. neutral carbon. The current used varied from 25 amperes for the 12mm, to 45 amperes for the 14mm carbons, but in no case was it of sufficient density to do more than raise the temperature of the carbon crater to incandescent heat sufficient to vaporize the carbon surface of the positive crater. This limited the maximum brilliancy of the low-intensity arc to a value of about 150 to 170 candles per square millimeter of crater surface. 'I'he lower part of Figure 1 shows the intrinsic brilliancy across the diameter of FIGURE I — Intrinsic brilliancy of carbons across the crater face. the crater of a 12mm and a 13mm low-intensity carbon positive operated at 30 amperes and 40 amperes, respectively. It can be seen that the brilliancy is uniform on the core, rises sharply to a maximum on the shell just outside the core, and decreases again near the outside edge of the crater. If the carbon were solid instead of cored, there would be no dip in brilliancy at the GIO GAGLIARDI NEVER HAS BEEN SO ESSENTIAL AS NOW! tCOHOMlIE SLOW BURNING . . . from 10% to 25% savings in carbon consumption reported. POWER CONSUMPTION . . . proved savings in power consumption . , . more light at lower amperages. SAVINGS IN MAINTENANCE . . . our new coppering process reduces lamp mairitenance and mirror replacement and re-surfacing costs. FROM “LOW” to HIGHEST “HIGH” . . . screen brightness is brightest over the entire surface of the screen. LORRAINE “Star-Core” CARBONS . . . give greater controlled burning thus insuring More and Steadier Light. THERE IS A LORRAINE CARBON TAILORED FOR YOUR SPECIFIC PROJECTION REQUIREMENT Send necessary projection equipment data to guide us in recommending the Lorraine Carbons that will do your theatre or drive-in projection job better and More Economically. LMRAIHi CAMIONS ARE CELLOPHANE WRAPPEN TO IRIURI * MOISTURE-PROOF. AIRTIGHT PRIOUCT JIoVUUMC carbons, INC., BOONTON, N. J. BETTER THEATRES SECTION 27