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IGNITION OF FILM It is a pity that our legislators have educated and trained the audience to be ready to rush for the doors, when a piece of film as big as one's thumb nail ignites and burns rather slowly. THE LAMP AND FILM FIRES The danger incident to the film catching fire and almost ex- ploding has exercised the thoughts of legislators to a considerable extent. The film may be termed a variety of the explosive, gun cotton. If ignited it burns with great energy, but does not ex- plode. A bit of an old film can be thrown into the fire to show just what its combustion is like. The heat of the lamp is concentrated on it by the condenser just as the heat of the sun is concentrated by a burning glass. The security from fire is in the motion of the film. Any given part of the film is exposed to the heat of the lamp for a small fraction of a second. It is less than the sixteenth of a second at normal speed of action, because of the obscuring of the light, if an inside shutter is used. This shutter cuts off light and heat during the periods of obscuration, and in this feature it is ad- vantageous. But in this country the outside shutter is in uni- versal use. The outside shutter in its obscuring of the picture, as far as it does anything in this direction, increases the heat. It is only a trifling increase however. With the outside shutter the film is exposed to the heat of the lamp for one-sixteenth of a second in normal running. There are the sixteen exposures to the foot to be made and the standard speed of the film is one foot a second. During part of the time the film is in motion, but that does not affect the average time of exposure to the light and coincidently to the heat of the lamp, concentrated on it by the condenser. IGNITION OF FILM DUE TO STOPPAGE OF MACHINE If for any cause the machine ceases to work and the film re- mains stationary it takes but a few seconds for it to become so hot as to ignite and start burning. The time is put by some authorities at four or five seconds. This it is evident is a small margin of safety. 263