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236 Motion Pictures in Education This intermittent movement lies at the very heart of the motion picture. Without it the cinema as we know it today would be impossible. To provide for this series of jerks two loose loops of film must be provided, one above and one below the sprocketed wheels above and below the aperture. These sprockets intermittently jerk the film downward. The projection machine works on exactly the same basic principle as the camera. A series of sprocket wheels pull and guide the film from the feed magazine past the aperture and feed it into the take-up magazine where it winds up on the take-up reel. If you start the mechanism and then immediately stop it, you can see the direction in which the various sprocket wheels travel. You can tell by studying this movement how to thread the film through. The film passes between the sprocket wheel and the guard in the direction in which the wheel is turning. A loop of film about \ l /2 inches high is left above the gate and below the sprocket wheel which is immediately below the gate. This is the intermittent sprocket. The loops are left to prevent the film from breaking just as a loop of thread is left in the sewing machine to keep the thread from break ing. This part of the explanation should appeal to the women teachers interested in film projection. It is highly important in threading the machine, to see to it that the film fits snugly and straight in the gate and that the gate is closed. The film is more glossy on one side than the other. The glossy side is the celluloid side or back of the film, the dull side is the one coated with emulsion and in which the picture lies. In all projection machines, ex cept the Graphoscope, the film should be threaded in such a way that the emulsion side is toward the light