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MOVIE MAKERS
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and what a magazine is, and how the "mat" is transformed into a line of metal, the film uses all its closeup footage demonstrating how easily the operator can switch from one magazine to another containing a different font, and how quickly the quadding device operates. After the show, the students ask, "But what is a matrix? What is a quad? How is the type made?" Out of 2000 feet, only a few long shots are good for apprentice journalists ; the rest is too technical for them, just as a film made for journalists would be too elementary for printers. The same observation applies to the talk, if any. Anybody can generalize in long shots; only a clear thinker knows how to be specific, in closeups.
A closeup is not a shot made from a certain fixed distance. It is simply a "closerup" of something previously shown in its correct surroundings (although sometimes, for surprise effects, the closeup is shown first). Its purpose is to eliminate all but one feature of the subject — the feature that the particular audience will want to see in detail — so that the attention can be concentrated on that feature; but it should not eliminate any more of the action than is necessary to that end, nor should it be so large as to attract attention to itself as a technical trick. Every long shot should be followed by several closeups. The amateur cameraman cannot acquire too soon the habit of moving up his camera, or turning to a longer focus lens, after every scene in which several things or persons are included. However, the choice of what to photograph at close range varies with the use that is to be made of the film. The closeup, in brief, is the answer to the questions that the audience will ask as soon as it has seen the long shot. To know one's audience and to anticipate its questions are to know what closeups to make.
Ski sequences
[Continued from page 15]
lenses along. Your regular lens and one telephoto will be quite sufficient to get all the shots wanted. The most used will be the one inch, of course, the telephoto being needed just for closeups of inaccessible peaks and to follow a skier running down at full speed. This latter is always a very effective shot. It gives action and speed to a sequence and is most useful when editing.
Another very interesting scene is the traveling shot, in which skiers are followed by the camera which keeps pace with them. This shot gives to an audience the sensation of being on skis.
The only trouble is to get this shot — especially when one is a beginner in the art of skiing. I had enough work to keep myself going straight without trying to make a traveling shot. I couldn't run down the hills without my sticks, so I
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