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PRINCIPLES OF MOVIES 5 perforations to the frame. Each foot of film has 16 frames, or pic- tures. The film is approximately one and three-eighths inches wide, but because the perforations occupy a certain amount of space, the picture or frame is approximately one inch wide by three-quarters of an inch high. This proportion is known as the aspect ratio and is approximately 4:3: that is, the frame is four units wide and three units high. The same standard has been chosen for television pictures. This makes the problem of using films on television simpler. In England, the aspect ratio of television picture is 5:4. This is not very different from 4:3, and the average viewer would not notice it, but of course it necessitates a slight change in the film transmission equipment. It is being changed to conform with U. S. standards. Figure 1-1 shows a strip of 35 mm film with these items indicated. The 16 mm film comes in two types, sound and silent. The silent type has perforations on both edges. The sound film has perforations on one side only. On the other side of the latter is the sound track; quite obviously there would not be enough room for the track if the perforations were on both sides. Because the film is comparatively narrow, there is no tendency for the one-sided pull on the perforations to set it askew in the gate. Each type of film has forty frames to the foot and one perforation to each frame. The 16 mm film is approximately 0.63 of an inch wide. Figure 1-2 illustrates these features on 16 mm film. The frame area in the camera is 0.41 inches by 0.294 inches. To allow for shrinkage it is 0.022 inches and 0.008 inches respectively less in the projector. Before continuing, it may be of interest to mention the other sizes of film that have been developed, some of which are still in use although none of them has been used for television. Everyone is familiar with the 8 mm film used by so many amateurs, but in addition to that there is 9.5 mm film put out by Pathe which is very popular in England and France. In an effort to produce a good quality sound film for semi-professional and advanced amateur use, Pathe also introduced the 17.5 mm film. The extra 1.5 mm were used to carry the sound track at the same size as the 35 mm film track in an effort to retain the quality of the latter. A long