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PRINCIPLES OF MOVIES 11 change occurs. The grain of the emulsion becomes coarse. The silver salt in the emulsion is, of course, composed of millions of tiny particles. These particles constitute the grain of the film. If the film is enlarged many times these particles become visible and impart a "grainy" appearance to the picture. This is similar to what is seen if a half tone reproduction is examined with a powerful magnifying glass. The cameraman has to decide between a fast film with coarse grain and a slower film with finer grain. In studio conditions where the lights can be adjusted as required, a slow film can be used and optically perfect pictures obtained. It is often apparent in newsreels that a faster film has been used to catch action that occurred in poor light. In addition to the poorer definition and loss of detail in the faster film, one other drawback is encountered : this is extreme contrast. High contrast and loss of detail go hand in hand. This can be seen by watching newsreel pictures of a fire or other unexpected happenings after dark. The blacks and whites are vivid and in the white areas there is little detail. The types of film in general use vary considerably according to the purpose for which they are to be used. For movie work, pan- chromatic film is very popular although it is considered by some technicians to possess a small drawback in that it has a very slight grayish color in the base. Panchromatic film is sensitive to all colors and thus always has to be handled in complete darkness, whereas the much slower orthochromatic film can be developed in a red light. However, since it is not usual to develop film in containers in which they can be seen—unless it happens to be a short test-piece in a bottle—this is not too important. But this high sensitivity is important in the case of handling new reels of film to be placed in the camera. It is comparatively easy to fog a considerable amount of film by careless handling in bright light. Orthochromatic film is the slowest normally used for film work. The color limitations of this film make it possible to perform some very interesting and useful trick effects. For instance, it is not sensitive to red, and blue photo- graphs extremely light. By taking advantage of these effects and using certain filters, many tricks can be performed. The Super-XX