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PRINCIPLES OF MOVIES 13 changing film in the field. For film bought in semi-bulk for profes- sional use at a station, the price varies between $3 and $5 per hundred feet of picture stock, while for sound stock it is around $ 1 per hundred feet. If bought in 1000-foot lengths and rewound onto the reels in use in the various cameras the price is lower, but here another source of poor quality is found. This work has to be done in total darkness, hence there is a strong likelihood of finger marks getting onto the emulsion during this process. The actual developing, or processing of film as it has come to be called, is almost always done by a laboratory specializing in this kind of work. For one thing it is a complicated process, not so much by the method for standard film, but because of the mass of film in- volved. Even 100 feet of film seem an awful lot when they are curled around one's legs on the darkroom floor! The equipment necessary to develop, fix, and dry film, and then print a positive is very expensive and certainly outside the budget of any but the larg- est station or studio unless outside work can be obtained to help pay for it. For that reason most film these days is sent to one or an- other of the processing labs which exist in most cities of any size. Usu- ally a film taken there in the morning is ready by the evening of the same day. These laboratories often have sound-dubbing equipment, and can print the sound track, or marry it, to the picture negative in cases where the double sound system is used. Very often, too, they have projection rooms where the film can be projected while the sound is recorded in cases where the sound was not recorded at the time the print was made. In this way a synchronized sound film can be made using a silent camera if the players say their words while acting so that they can lip sync them when projected on the screen. The only requirement is that the camera be driven by a syn- chronous electric motor so that the speed of the film will not vary and thus throw the sound out of synchronization. It has already been mentioned that both 35 mm film and 16 mm film pass through the projector at the rate of 24 frames per second. This is the standard rate for sound in frames per second, but not in feet per second, or lineal speed. For 35 mm film the lineal speed is 90 feet per minute, while for 16 mm it is 36 feet per minute.