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14 FUNDAMENTALS Thus a standard 400-foot reel of 16 mm film runs for 11 minutes, and 1000 feet of 35 mm run for the same length of time. An average length for a newsreel or one-reel cartoon is about 800 or 900 feet. In the contact printer, many effects are obtained which add to the atmosphere of the film; however, in this chapter it is considered as a printer only. The negative film is run through the gate of this machine with the unexposed, positive film in close contact with it. It is, in fact, very similar to making contact prints from the usual box camera negatives. A variable printing light projects onto the negative, and this, of course, forms an image on the positive film, which is opposite in color values when developed. Since the strength of the light can be controlled, any slight mistakes in ex- posure when taking the negatives can be corrected, and because of the amount of light available a slow positive is used with a very fine grain. Figure 1-3 shows a standard type of film printer. Color film is quite complicated in its operation and chemistry. It will be covered more fully in the chapter on color film and tele- vision. In brief, there are two general processes, the additive and the subtractive. In each system the film has to go through a number of different treatments and in addition to being a long process it is also costly. While color film as such is of no value to television at present, owing to the absence of color transmissions, it can be transmitted quite satisfactorily as a black and white film. The only precaution to observe is to avoid using film with a lot of blue in it, such as long shots of landscapes. However, this type of shot is very rarely used in television films due to the limitations of size and resolution of the television screen. Later chapters will deal with the mechanical details of the equipment used. Therefore, having presented a description of the medium used to record the images which constitute moving pictures, it seems appropriate to demonstrate the manner in which these pictures are given the appearance of moving. The motion picture film and television both depend for their existence on a phenomenon known as persistence of vision. This is a "defect" of the human eye in which the object seen does not immediately vanish from the retina when the eye is turned away, or the object removed, but the