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22 FUNDAMENTALS the odd-numbered lines are transmitted, 1 . . . 3 . . . , etc., the second time the even-numbered lines are sent, 2. ..4. ..6..., etc. When both sets of lines have been transmitted the equivalent of one frame or complete pic- ture has been sent. Since 525 lines are sent for every picture, or frame, in television, it will be seen that 262% lines are sent in each field. film camera chain The complete series of equipment used to present films on television. It consists of an iconoscope camera, camera control and shading desk, the associated power sup- plies, and one or more projectors. The output of this chain is fed to the master switching control where it is mixed and selected as required. Frequently a slide projector is mounted beside the film projectors so that station announcement slides may be shown over the same circuit. film commercial The advertising message placed on film for projection over the film facilities of the television station. film loop A piece of film, quite short, which is continuous. It is run through the projector as it is needed. film sequence or insert A portion of a television program made up of film or movie scenes. filter A glass or gelatin disc placed in front of the lens of a camera to change the light values reaching the film, or camera tube, to obtain special effects or to correct for bad light values. flat Flat sections of canvas- or plywood-covered scenery used to form walls or backgrounds for room scenes. flat lighting An over-all lighting which does not provide any highlights or contrast or modelling of the stage or actors. Usually poor technique. flicker An unsteady picture. In television reception, it is caused by a faulty receiver or effects external to the receiver. In a film projection, it is caused by too slow a speed of projection. flood lighting A lighting similar to flat lighting, which is used when a long shot is to be made. In such a shot, the flatness of the light will not spoil the detail.