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30 FUNDAMENTALS disadvantages, among which are: poor sound quality due to the impossibility of removing intermittent motion completely from film in the sound gate; the necessity of using fast picture negative stock; and difficulty in editing. sound-over The provision of sound accompaniment by non- synchronized means such as from records or live sources. stage directions Always given in terms of the actor's right and left when facing the audience. sound displacement The difference in position on film between the picture and its accompanying sound. In 35 mm film the sound is twenty frames ahead of its picture, and in 16 mm it is twenty-six frames ahead. sound editing The action of checking the sound prints and synchronizing them with the picture. sound gate The mechanism where the sound on a film is either recorded, or reproduced, by the action of a varying light fall- ing on a photoelectric cell in the latter case. splice A joining between two pieces of film. split focus A device used when it is necessary to have two ob- jects in the picture, one of which is near to the camera, and it is impossible to focus sharply on each. A point which gives the best results is then chosen for focussing. spotlight A light projector which concentrates the light into a beam or spot of light, used to highlight certain areas. spring drive A mechanical drive used on some motion picture cameras. It is not used to much extent today for professional work due to the risk of losing shots because of the spring running down at the crucial moment and speed variation. sprocket wheel A drum or wheel with a number of teeth spaced to engage with the holes in the edges of the film. It is used in film cameras and projectors to move the film through them. stock shots Shots on film obtained from libraries or film supply houses of more or less ordinary subjects. They are very use- ful in process shots or for inserts to save the cost of making expensive and elaborate scenery. superimposition The electrical or optical imposition of one pic-