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MOVIE-MAKING EQUIPMENT 89 This defect is found in two forms: random focus drift which happens for no apparent reason in a release print which is pre- sumably new, or at least in good condition (of course, when it occurs in a reel made up of odd trailers or shorts the reason is obvious); and the regular drift already discussed. It is not caused by buckled film, for this defect is caused by projection, and focus drift can occur in a brand new reel straight from the film laboratory. One cause which seems the most logical and reasonable is film curl. Once it has formed, there is not much that can be done to correct it in the case of long reels. However, for short lengths of film the cause provides the solution. Film curl is caused by film being continuously wound in the same direction so that it becomes set. Thus even on an apparently straight section such as one frame, in the gate, there is a very slight radius. A short length can be cured by rewinding very tightly in the same direction as originally wound but with the emulsion direction reversed. If fastened securely and left for a week or so, the curl will be re- duced. Incidentally, the safety films are considerably more prone to this effect than the inflammable film and it is one of the most prev- alent faults found. Moreover, since 16 mm safety film comprises most of the film stock used on television, this becomes a point to which more attention could well be paid by users as well as processors. As was mentioned previously "green" or new film, undergoes considerable change in the first few weeks after it has been proc- essed. Although it is apparently thoroughly dry when received, it contains, in reality, a large amount of moisture absorbed during its passage through the various developing, fixing, and hardening baths and the numerous washings it receives. The passage through the processing equipment is also fraught with tension changes, for speed variations plus differing adjustments of the rollers all act to apply varying tensions to the film. These affect the film more easily when it is warm and wet and only slowly are discarded as it finishes the drying out process. Film in storage, especially new film, should be rewound