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KINESCOPE RECORDING 129 the mechanical arrangements were against good sound quality in the single system camera since there was always the risk of intro- ducing flutter and wow due to insufficient headway between the picture gate and the sound head. In the kinescope recording equip- ment designed by the American Broadcasting Company, this trouble has been completely eliminated. This system, which may be said to combine the best features of all those in operation, utilizes a projection type cathode-ray itube with 30,000 volts on the anode. This produces on a five-inch screen an intensely bright, blue picture about two by three inches. In the process, some X-rays are produced which are adequately absorbed by lead glass and other shields; thus there is no risk to personnel. This picture is focussed onto the film in a special Wall camera. Below this camera is a Maurer sound recorder; each is driven by a different motor—in fact, four are used in all. The sound gate is eighty-two frames ahead of the picture instead of the usual twenty-six. This means that there is no chance of wow or flutter from the intermittent since all irregular movements have been eliminated long before the film reaches this point. Of course the problem is, what happens to the projector jstandards mentioned previously when it was stated that the film from a recorder must be standard? The film is developed as a negative, complete with sound, then the sound is re-recorded on tape, disc, or another film. A print is made (positive) and the sound added in synchronization the usual twenty-six frames ahead. Thus a normal release print is obtained with first-class sound and picture quality. The film used in the recording system is sound positive. This has a slow emulsion which is blue-sensitive and has an exceedingly fine grain. The light from the recording lamp is, of course, ample for sound work, and the blue light from the projection kinescope is not only very bright but suited to the spectral characteristics of the film so that a reasonably small aperture can be used with consequent better focus. Another and not inconsiderable reason for the use of sound positive stock is its low cost. One thousand feet of it cost about $ 15 or less in quantity. Thus the only costs for