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172 FUNDAMENTALS system is truly compatible. Thus no modifications are required to permit present-day monochrome sets to continue to receive pic- tures if owners do not wish to spend any more money on their receivers. Lighting for Color In the television studio, lighting for live color pictures has not yet been very thoroughly studied since there has been little or no demand for it. The only large scale use of color on television so far was the Smith Kline and French medical usage. In the case of operations demonstrated over this equipment, normal operating room lighting was used for the telecast. This means that the precautions required for making color films are probably not as rigidly imposed. One reason for this is the fact that the color balance is under the control of the technician at all times, and he can see exactly what each color looks like as it is transmitted. In making movies, the color values are not known until the developed reel is returned from the laboratory. Of course, certain precautions are necessary; for instance, the addition of an incandescent spot can change the color of a face or hair almost unbelievably. It is just as well not to mix lights of different Kelvins indiscriminately; otherwise colors may change as an actor walks across the set. No rules have been made yet for color television lighting for no one knows which system will be chosen and as a result it is impossible to make any suggestions which may remain valid. Lighting for color film, on the other hand, is now thoroughly understood and has been reduced to a fairly simple science. Light is described in degrees Kelvin. This is the standard of comparison, since color temperature is an exact measure of the light emission of an illuminant, and the lower the temperature of the source, the redder the light emitted. It may be defined generally as the num- ber of degrees measured on the Kelvin scale (which is zero at —273°) at which a black element, or body, produces light of the required color. Black is specified as the color of the element since it is assumed to have no light emission or reflection properties.