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186 FUNDAMENTALS each speaks his lines. This gives added impact to what is being said. For this reason, if the scene is not active, for example, a love scene, and there is no conflict, a close two-shot will often be more suitable than a series of cuts. There are really two main types of cuts, action and reaction cuts. The former is used to show the cause of the action, and where and how it started. For this reason, it is desirable to show how the action concluded; therefore, any cuts should be made after the action is well under way and the continuity returned to the original shot before the action is completed so that the audience can see what really happened. It is most important in this type of shot to be sure that viewers are not confused by a super abund- ance of angles and shots which confuse them by presenting many apparently different viewpoints. Thus the cut to an action shot should be made just after the action has commenced but still in time to show why. Fades and cuts must never be mixed in the same sequence. On the other hand, reaction shots which are intended to show what happens after some words are spoken are most effective if cut to the subject a fraction of a second before the reaction occurs. This highlights the contrast between the normal and the forced ex- pression. Every other effect used for continuity purposes is a variation of the dissolve or fade, in one way or another. Superimposition is probably the most widely known since it was one of the first effects used in films and is one of the easiest to produce. This is simply a combination of two shots, one on top of the other. Of course, care is taken to ensure that the areas which are particularly desired on one are not obscured by light areas on the other. The much overdone trick shot of two piano keyboards invariably used whenever a musical film is made is a superimposition. They are often used to show titles over action, or even trademarks. The method of making superimpositions is discussed fully in the chap- ter on special effects. Dissolves can be divided into three categories; the matched dissolve, the straight dissolve, and the lap dissolve. Taking the