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5 are plenty of them, I know — these stations still are progressing. They are exploring program sources and fields untouched by,other stations. They are devising techniques and training broadcasters. They are building audiences and encouraging critical radio lis¬ tening. They are seeking to advance public tastes and elevate existing wants, not merely to satisfy them. They occupy a unique position and are performing distinctive services. They should* be protected and expanded, for it appears inevitable that the greatest prospect of improvement in American broadcasting lies in the development of radio stations nurtured in educational homes. Except for these relatively few educational stations, broadcasting as conducted in this country is a business. And while we all cheerfully agree that business brings us an abundance of material pleasures and a fuller life, we must agree also that the security and progress of a free people depend not upon bus¬ iness but upon education and enlightenment. Whence comes such enlightenment? Surely no one expects unbiased, authentic, con¬ tinuing, soundly organized, or constructive educational and social enlightenment to result out of a business. Where, then, does the trusteeship for social enlighten¬ ment rest? Obviously with the educational system, with the schools, the colleges and universities. As President Herman G. James of Ohio University said in addressing this Institute two years ago: ”A calm, dispassionate estimate of the situation would show that with all their real and imaginary shortcomings in these opposing directions, educational Institutions constitute the only hope for unbiased, unselfish considerations of public ques¬ tions. That they are in their very nature more inclined to view matters objectively than either private business, governmental administrations, or crusaders of any type, is not merely theoreti¬ cally true, it is actually true. Indeed, if we deny that, then not only is education a fata morgana, but all human progress and even human salvation are dreams that need not even be pursued any longer. T, So I am forced to the conclusion that the fundamental and sufficient safeguards against the dangers inherent in radio to free speech and through it to democracy lie in the safeguarding of a decent proportion of the facilities of the air to such educa- r tional institutions. Whether all of them are used or not, whether those that are used are used in the most efficient and effective way or not, whether the group of listeners is large or small, the fundamental consideration Is that these facilities should be defin- t itely and lastingly protected against encroachment either by the political administration that happens to be in power or by the special interests of those w r ith or without property. Better a silent hour, or many silent h .-urs, if need be, than a pre-emption of facilities that would prevent the shedding of as much light as possible by disinterested educational agencies wherever such light becomes available.” t/