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HISTORY OF THE MACHINE 19
in the chain of evidence; facts and figures not substantially endorsed, or unendorsed; unjustifiable claims to authenticity. Then there are statements based on fragmentary knowledge, or proceeding from the desire to raise the market value of examples of old mechanical toys collected by investors. Then, wrong attributions; wrong dates; wrong description of structure and function, and so on. All these and other sources of confusion help to make an attempt to pick out the true milestones of the career of the Cinema a very tiresome job.
Here are some examples of confusing facts and dates.
In 1832 Plateau invented the Stroboscope and Stampfer the Phenafystoscope.1 In 1835 Plateau invented the Phena\istoscope and Stampfer the Stroboscope.2 In 1872 Edward Muybridge, in seeking to prove to the satisfaction of an American Senator (no name given) that a horse when trotting lifts all four feet off the ground at once, secured a picture that was practically the beginning of the moving picture as it is known to-day.3 In 1877 Muybridge proved to Senator Stanford, by a number of cameras electrically worked to get successive photographs, that a horse lifts all four feet off the ground when trotting.4 In 1872 Leland Stanford wished to investigate the gait of the horse. Stanford assigned the photographic problem to John D. Isaacs, an engineer, who contrived a battery of cameras with electrical shutter controls. The shutter mechanisms were improved and the speed of photographic materials were increased, permitting at last the first photographic records of objects in rapid motion. Edward Muybridge operated the Isaacs' apparatus installed at Palo Alto on Stanford's stock farm. The pictures made were analysis in motion, synthesis was still to come.5
The late William Friese-Greene, of Bristol, made the forerunner of the modern motion picture camera in 1839, several
1 " The Film Finds Its Tongue," by Fitzhugh Green.
2 W. Day, in The Times Film Number, March 19, 1929. s Ibid.
4 << The Film Finds Its Tongue," by Fitzhugh Green. * " Bncy. Brit.," Vol. 15, 14th Ed., 855.