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HISTORY OF THE MACHINE 23
graph method. It is correct to say that illusion of movement in pictures has existed ever since Man began to express his wants and to communicate himself in the ancient dynamic way by cave drawing and design, really symbolic drawing and design. A' cave drawing of an abstraction of a crocodile walking along the ground, or of a cassowary pecking at a seed possesses the illusion of movement. Such method of burdening a drawing with a story or meaning has existed from the dawn of human life, and when a writer on the history of the Cinema carries the attention of the student of that history back to " the delineation of the trotting boar with complete sets of legs, drawn by the Cro-Magnon race centuries before the Christian era,"1 he is luring him into the maze of the technique of aesthetic into which so many present-day directors have wandered beyond sense and escape.
Famous schools of painting and sculpture, art critics, and, within recent times, anthropologists have been much concerned with the illusion of movement. Ruskin saw mountains as Nature in motion; plains as Nature at rest. Celebrated anthropologists, like Dr. A. C. Haddon have related movement to the evolution of primitive Art expression.2 Savages are shown communicating with each other by little drawings consisting of lines abstracted from living insects, reptiles, fishes and so on. These are true pictographs. The Old Masters though they were not so intensely concerned with dynamics as the New Masters are, yet got movement into their pictures, and movement that was intentionally illusion of movement. When I was art critic for a London paper I spent much time studying the big European galleries, and somewhere I have got the record I kept of eyes that appear to follow you about, heads that appear to turn, and other apparent movements.
Since Cezanne's time there have been, broadly speaking, three illusion of movement tendencies in painting, sculpture
1 The Times Film Number, March 19, 1929, p. vi.
2 See " Evolution in Art," A. C. Haddon.