Optical projection: a treatise on the use of the lantern in exhibition and scientific demonstration (1906)

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388 OPTICAL PROJECTION dropped into the vessel, from which coloured streams will proceed. The little apparatus shown in fig. 213 will both show convection currents, and illustrate their every-day applica- tion to hot-water systems of heating. A few small bubbles or particles of sawdust show the movement well in this apparatus. 226. Evaporation.—Boiling in a small flask is easily pro- jected, and by the well-known apparatus in fig. 214, boiling up a flask of water, which is closed with a cork and then inverted in the field of the lantern, the familiar experi- ment of producing ebullition by the application of cold water, is also shown. The loss of heat in evaporation may be projected either by wrapping the bulb of a thermometer in a piece of- rag moistened with the liquid, or by applying a moistened plate to the face of a thermo- pile, the galvanometer in connection with which is projected direct, or by a re- flected pencil. (See § 240.) 227. Conductivity.—To show the different conducting power of various metals and other substances, nothing more is necessary than to modify the well-known apparatus of Ingenhouz (in which rods of the substances project from a trough filled with boiling water, which heats the inner ends of the rods simultaneously), so that the rods project from the 'bottom of the trough, and their lower ends at least stand in the field of the condensers. Glass balls of equal weight being attached by wax softened with a FIG. 214