Optic projection : principles, installation and use of the magic lantern, projection microscope, reflecting lantern, moving picture machine (1914)

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BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY 675 While mirrors had been used in the camera obscura for changing the position or causing the images to appear erect, so far as known at present, no one used a projection lens in the aperture of the dark room until 1568. In that year was published the work on perspective by Daniel Barbara, and on p. 192, Ch. V, he directs that to make the image more brilliant, a convex spectacle glass be put in the aperture, and that a white paper screen be moved back and forth until the picture shows most clearly, then it can be traced. From this time onward a projection objective has always been used, except for experiments, such as with pin-hole photographic cameras, etc. In the camera obscura considered above, the observers were in the room where the picture was formed. For a small, movable camera, something like the photographic cameras of the present, where the observer is outside the camera box, the first description found by us is the one of Robert Boyle, and dates from 1669. He called it a "A Portable Darkened Room," and says that it had already been exhibited to many friends several years before the paper was written. — ' A B C 10 JO B rs FIG. 403. WALGENSTEN'S MAGIC LANTERN (1665). (From Milliet de Chales, Mundus s. Cursus Mathematicus, 1674, vol. ii, p. 666) Here is a naked light with a reflector behind it. There is no condenser. The object is put in the proper inverted position before the objective, and the image appears erect and enlarged on the screen. m. PROJECTION INSTRUMENTS The third form of projection apparatus consists of a relatively small instrument in which a small object is brilliantly illuminated, and the light from it extends out through a projection lens or objective and forms a relatively large image on a white wall or screen in a dark place. The third form is the converse or conjugate so to speak of the camera obscura where the object is large and the image small.