Optic projection : principles, installation and use of the magic lantern, projection microscope, reflecting lantern, moving picture machine (1914)

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686 OPTIC PROJECTION In perfecting cameras to make ribbon pictures, and projectors for exhibiting ribbon transparencies of these pictures on the screen, many inventors have taken part. Among these should be mentioned Marey and his assistant, Demney, and the Lumieres in France; Green and Evans, Donisthrope and Crofts in England; Jenkins and Edison in America. These were among the first to work out practical apparatus that made moving pictures possible and practical. For the present perfection of cameras, films, and projectors, and the general methods employed, the number of manufacturers and inventors is legion. The first light used was sunlight, and that remains the most brilliant of all. Animal and vegetable oils were burned in lamps without a chimney (fig. 403405), and very recently mineral oil (kerosene) has £>een used in lamps with a chimney (fig. 65-67). FIG. 413. DAVY'S CARDON ARC. (From Davy's Collected Works, vol. iv, pi. in, fig. 17} See p. no of vol. iv for a discussion of the carbon arc. The carbons are horizontal, and the arc arches upward hence the name arc. The lime light, the most brilliant after sunlight and the arc light, came in with the discovery by Hare in 1802 that the oxyhydrogen flame when blown against lime, etc., gave a dazzling light. This was applied to projection by Birkbeck in 1 824 for the magic lantern ; and in the same year by Woodward for the phantasmagoria. (Goring and Pritchard's Micrographia, pp. 170-171; also the Microscopical Journal and Structural Record, Vol. I, 1841). This light is still much used for all forms of projection. For the oxygen ether lime light, see Ives, in the Bibliography. The electric light. This most satisfactory and powerful artificial light yet devised, was first shown by Humphrey Davy in Sept., 1800, and recorded in Nicholson's Journal of October in that year (See Cantor Lectures of Silvanus P. Thompson on the arc light, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Oct. 25, 1895, and fig. 413 for Davy's carbon arc). According to the same lecturer, W. E. Straite devised the first automatic electric lamp in 1846. The first arc lamps were for direct current. As it was not desirable to have the carbons burn off unequally with the Jablochoff lamp where the carbons were parallel and close together, alternating currents were used (1877). (S. P.