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J. WARREN KERRIGAN Top: FLORENCE TURNER
JAMES YOUNG (VITAGRAPH)
LENORE ULRICH (ESSANAY)
IRVING CUMMINGS (CHAMPION)
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Motion Pictures, well established now as entertainment, were taking the place of the resident stock companies and the road show. The old nickelodeon was a thing of the past. Better theatres were being built and most of them were charging ten-cent admissions. The screen was gradually getting away from the one and tworeelers. The feature craze of four and five-reelers was opposed by the oldguard film makers because they cost more money and also entailed creative thought. Three and four-reel pictures were no longer a rarity. Animated cartoons, which were born in 1909 with "Gertie The Dinosaur," were becoming part of the "motion picture show" and so was the newsreel. Famous stage stars looked upon motion pictures as beneath them, but Adolph Zukor changed this. An Hungarian emigrant, he progressed from sweeping in a fur store to his own fur business, to penny arcades, to nickelodeons, and finally to the treasurer of the Marcus Loew Enterprises which controlled screen and vaudeville theatres. His next step was the purchase of the American rights of a four-reel French film, "Queen Elizabeth," starring Sarah Bernhardt. Its success gave him the idea of filming famous plays with famous stars. With Daniel Frohman and the Loew Enterprises he formed the Famous Players Film Company. The French-American Film Company imported a two-reel version of "Camille" with Mme. Bernhardt, and also "Mme. Sans-Gene," a three-reel feature with Mme. Rejane. American stars began to look on motion pictures with more favor. Nat C. Goodwin made a film of his stage success "Oliver Twist." Blanche Walsh was the next important stage star to appear in pictures. She filmed Tolstoy's "Resurrection" in three reels. It was the beginning of a trend. Important stage stars of the period who never appeared in films were Maude Adams, David Warfield, Julia Marlowe, John Drew, Mary Mannering, Henrv Miller, Eleanor Robson, and Rose Stahl. Many of them, including Douglas Fairbanks, Marie Dressier, John and Lionel Barrymore, Marguerite Clark, George Arliss, Nazimova, Elsie Ferguson, Pauline Frederick and Victor Moore, achieved as great, and in some instances, greater fame from films than the stage.
CLARA KIMBALL YOUNG Top: WALLACE REID
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HARRY BENHAM
FLORENCE LA BADIE
JAMES CRUZE MARGUERITE SNOW
THANHOUSER PLAYERS
WILLIAM RUSSELL MIGNON ANDERSON
WILLIAM RUSSELL IN "THE STAR OF BETHLEHEM"
HARRY BENHAM, FLORENCE LA BADIE IN "THE MERCHANT OF VENICE" THANHOUSER RELEASES
JAMES CRUZE, MARGUERITE SNOW, WILLIAM RUSSELL IN "LUCILE"
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