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72 A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF SCREEN PLAYWRITING
One method of accomplishing this is by repetition. Because the motion-picture image is so fleeting, it is necessary for the screen-play writer to resort to constant repetition throughout the story in order to retain audience orientation and to make certain that the important story elements will remain integrated with the picture's theme throughout the picture.
Character traits. Character traits must be repeated, not necessarily in kind, exactly, but definitely in pattern, if the character is to be sustained. Thus it would not be necessary to have a character kick a dog three times throughout the film to establish his cruelty. Nor would it be necessary to have him fondle a canary to establish that, although he is a low-down cad, he is also possessed of a sentimental streak. It should be part of the screen-play writer's creative ability to work out repeatedly different aspects of the same character trait, which could recognizably fall into the same pattern of behavior.
Repeat figures. What must be especially repeated are facts and statistics that figure prominently in the story line. If the plot hinges on the fact that 10,500 shares of stock must be sold to prevent the hero from being thrown into bankruptcy, then that figure must be repeated often enough so that when it is actually brought into the denouement the audience will recognize it immediately and associate it with the next plot development without too much retrospection.
Avoid undue recapitulation. There is a certain type of repetition that must be avoided. At no time should an entire scene or conversation be entirely recapitulated for the benefit of a character who has not been in on the scene previously, and who must be brought up to date on what has already happened.
If the audience has already seen something happen, or has heard it in dialogue, they should never be subjected to a repetition of it. Thus, if the audience has already heard a character tell of how he has gotten into a certain predicament, and if it is necessary to have him repeat the details of the situation to still another character, then some device must be used to spare the audience and to telescope the retelling so that their reaction will not be an annoyed, "Oh! we've heard all that already— let's get on with the story!"