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114 A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF SCREEN PLAYWRITING
appeared to be leaning forward when the train passed the station in which she was standing, in order to give a visual representation of her intention of throwing herself under the train wheels. Then, when the suicide thoughts subsided, the camera was tilted back to normal.
In the German film Wozzeck, a succession of tilted camera shots aided in building up to the climax of Wozzeck's delirium scene. And in Duvivier's Cartiet du Bal, the sequence with the epileptic doctor was shot with tilted-camera angles to symbolize his lack of equilibrium. The same tilted-camera angles were employed in Eisenstein's October when the workers marched up the ramp, to emphasize the weight of their labors.
Dolly shots
The modern motion-picture camera is a flexible and mobile instrument. In addition to being able to pan and tilt simultaneously, it can also "dolly in" or "dolly out"— that is, move in closer to the subject or back away from it at the same time that it is panning and tilting.
What is more, while panning and tilting, the camera can also "dolly"— move along parallel with the subject, keeping the subject centered. This type of dolly shot is called the "traveling" shot. Slower action can be shot with the camera on a regulation dolly carriage. Faster action requires that the camera be placed on a vehicle, the speed of which is equal to the speed of the vehicle or person being photographed.
Trucking shots. Dolly shots, often also called "trucking" shots (or "tracking" shots in England) or described simply as "The camera moves in," or "the camera pulls away," or "the camera trucks along with," are almost always made on a "dolly" (a rubberwheeled camera carriage) which rolls on a set of aluminum tracks nailed down to the stage floor and sometimes kept rigid by means of wooden-bar "spacers." These precautions are necessary in order to insure absolute rigidity to the camera, which will make for smooth-flowing, jerk-free film images.