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134 A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF SCREEN PLAYWRITING
imminent catastrophe by indirection so that, when the accident does occur, it is quite often unnecessary even to show it taking place. As a matter of fact, in cheap-budget movie-house pictures, and in television films where cost is of the essence, such inexpensive catastrophes, suggested by indirection, are welcome stand-bys. The catastrophe is usually suggested only in sound, while the camera is focused on a subject to get his reaction to the catastrophe which has been previously foreshadowed by indirection. Costly fires can be suggested by this treatment, simply by flickering arc shadows over peoples' faces.
In Chaplin's A Woman of Paris, because a real French train was unavailable, or because the budget made building a complete mock-up infeasible, Chaplin shot a sequence on a French depot set without actually showing a train. Instead, he photographed the lights of the train flickering across a close-up of Edna Purviance's face.
A lot of fun can be had with indirection shots. Van Dyke once showed a shot of a dog on a leash about to do his business. Being unable to photograph the real thing, the director took a close-up of the dog's leash tightening in its master's hand, as the hand pulled back. Then the hand remained still until later, after the dog had obviously sprayed a tree, the leash was seen to tauten again, and the master's hand was drawn forward, indicating that the dog was on his way once more.
Time lapses
What are they. One of the most effective devices available to the screen-play writer is the time lapse. It was with this mechanism that early motion pictures were able to break away from the confines of the "four-wall" technique adapted from the stage.
For, with the time lapse, it was possible to leave the immediate scene of action and traverse a period of time essential to the development of the story but not important enough to be completely dramatized.
The early pictures paid little attention to this new device. They had already established the direct cut as indicating a paralleling