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THE FILMIC COMPONENTS 159
the feature-film screen play, it has its place in other types of screen play— in educational, business, and training films.
Fade-in, fade-out. There are two other optical effects used in pictures—the fade-in and the fade-out. Once again the names are amply descriptive of the uses to which they are put. In the fade-in, the first few frames of a shot are printed very darkly and become progressively lighter until the standard density is obtained. In the fadeout, the reverse effect is achieved by darkening the last few frames of a shot progressively until a black density results.
The fade-in is used in the opening shot of almost every screen play. It says, in effect, "All right— let's start!" It leaves the impression with the audience that they are to be slowly acquainted with an action that does not necessarily begin with the beginning of the film, but has been going on for some time.
The fade-out, on the other hand, is used to suggest to the audience that the sequence of action they have just seen has been brought to a halt, and that a considerable amount of time— plot time, not running time— will elapse before the next action starts.
The next action, however, must always start with a fade-in, in which the blackness of the opening few frames of the first shot in the second sequence are dissolved in with the closing few frames of the last shot of the first sequence. The succeeding frames are then lightened in density until the desired normal lighting is obtained. The word "dissolve," however, need not be indicated. It is enough merely to write in FADE OUT, and then, under it, three or four spaces down, FADE IN.
This fade combination should be used only infrequently in a screen play. For a fade-out definitely stops action. And action picks up again only when the fade-in is fully realized. Overused, it will have a choppy effect and will tend to give the finished picture the unintegrated quality of most pictures that have been adapted from long, time-leaping novels.
Actually, the screen play for movie-house pictures should be designed so that it can fall into three or four definite act separations. And these act separations can be indicated in the script with a fadeout, fade-in combination.
Finally, the screen play and the picture should end with a fade-out