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l6o A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF SCREEN PLAYWRITING
in which the action is gradually faded out, to leave the impression with the audience that here is not an abrupt ending to the action they have seen, but rather only an interlude in a series of larger actions which took place before the picture started and which will continue to take place after the picture is over.
The fade-out or fade-in is to be discouraged for television films. In the first place, the television screen cannot picture the complete blackness required by them. Secondly, such blackness on film tends to cause a disturbing edge-flare on the television screen. Finally, long, dark fades on a television screen slow up the action which, in television productions, is highly undesirable because of the need for overriding possible audience boredom with constant movement.
Audiences have become habituated to these opticals as screen conventions. And it is just these conventions that have made motion pictures the distinct art form they have been and can continue to be. Only by using them sensibly, by making certain that technical excellence does not detract from creative art, can the screen-play writer fulfill his obligations to his craft.
At the same time, the writer should realize that these are not inflexible conventions. If they can be supplanted with more inventive substitutes, by all means suggest them.
Special effects
The close-up photograph necessary to the shooting of sign inserts, extreme close-ups of eyes, lips, and other particularizing shots, requires the work of specially trained technicians, and uses specially designed cameras and camera equipment. It would therefore be too time-consuming to try to shoot this type of close-up on regular sound stages during actual production, where a great many people would be tied up while the special effect was being photographed.
Trick effects. In addition to inserts, the special-effects technicians prepare and shoot certain trick sequences. Model sets, for example, are done in special effects. Shipwrecks, train wrecks, volcanic eruptions, the parting of the Dead Sea waters, catastrophes of all sorts, would be too costly and too difficult to reproduce in life size but can be photographed as special effects, often with amazing results.