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40 PRINCIPLES OF CINEMATOGRAPHY
From here the film passes to the sound projector and it is possible for the Director, Cameraman, Sound recordists and others to view the final results of that particular shot. All the foregoing processes are carried out so rapidly that the studio staff are able to view one day's 'takes' on the following morning. The name given to this projection meeting is the viewing of 'daily rushes'. At such a meeting the good and bad 'takes' may be sorted out and the Director will decide exactly which scenes are to be included in the final film.
When the entire film has been made and treated in this manner the separate positive prints of each scene must be re-arranged in their correct order as laid down in the original script. While this is being done the films are joined together into rolls of approximately 1,000-ft. (304.8-metres) in length.
Films are edited on an instrument such as a 'Moviola'. This, in effect, is a miniature sound projector capable of running the film forward or backward and may be instantly brought to rest on a selected picture or frame. Some instruments are provided with means of running at speeds much lower than the normal sound film projecting speed, thus, enabling the editor to cut the film at the most advantageous point to create any desired dramatic emphasis. The picture may be projected onto a ground glass screen or viewed through a magnifying lens it is therefore quite small but this is unavoidable since it is not possible to use a very high powered light source in these machines.
It should be remembered that, in studio practice, the sound and picture prints will be separate items during the early stages of editing and, therefore, must be edited in perfect synchronism. It is during this work that the synchronising marks at the start of each shot are found to be so useful.
From another department in the studio, or from the laboratories, all the trick effects, special animation, credit titles, etc., are sent to the editor to be cut into the positive copy during the process of assembly. The positive prints so obtained will, of course, consist of large numbers of short pieces of film spliced together. When the final editing has been approved by those responsible for the production, either the original or a duplicate negative is then edited to match the prints.
Before the final 'cinema' version can be obtained it will be necessary to record special music to fit the action, to record all the incidental 'effects sounds', such as footsteps, door bells and electric light switches being operated, and the many other sounds which are needed to create realism but, quite frequently,