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66 PRINCIPLES OF CINEMATOGRAPHY
Lockwood is seen coming from a bedroom, out into a corridor, turning left to walk across to the head of a staircase (this section was shot with a combination of 'panning' and 'tracking' movements); continuing in the same shot, that is, without a new camera set-up, Miss Lockwood is followed down the staircase, across a large Reception Hall and into an adjoining room. The entire action outlined above was completed in one 'take' and clearly illustrates the advanced technique now possible.
The success of this type of work depends largely upon two factors. Firstly, the viewfinder attached to the camera must cover precisely the same field as that which is covered by the objective lens. Secondly, it must be possible to accurately control the focusing of the lens as the camera and actor go through the scene. The ability to cover a similar field both with the viewfinder and the objective lens is known as 'parallax correction', and is illustrated in Figure 23. In diagram 'A' the optical axis of the viewfinder is parallel to that of the camera objective. Under these conditions the field covered by the viewfinder will be 'off-set' with respect to a similar field covered by the objective. In diagram 'B' this objection has been overcome by arranging the optical axis of the viewfinder to be at an angle to that of the objective, and also to meet it at point 'S' in the plane of focus. Under these conditions both lenses will cover the same area when sighted to this particular distance.
It is therefore necessary to mount the viewfinder in such a fashion that it may be adjusted for all distances to enable the optical axes of both the objective and viewfinder lenses to intersect at the plane to which the camera is focused.
If shots are to be taken in which the actor moves towards or away from the camera, and it is required to keep him in critical focus, some method must be provided to view the scene by a focusing viewfinder calibrated to match the focusing of the objective lens. Obviously, this is of little value unless the mechanism which focuses the viewfinder is mechanically coupled to the focusing ring on the objective lens. The finder designed by the MetroGoldwyn-Mayer camera department fulfils these requirements and is seen schematically in Figure 24. This drawing is not intended to represent the mechanism employed in the camera, but merely to help in explaining the principle thereof. An exceptionally accurate train of gears is used to transmit drive from the operating handle 'C back to gear 'A', mounted on the camera objective lens and operating the focusing ring. A cam mounted in the plane shown at 'D' will, on rotation, cause the viewfinder lens to slide within its housing and, if the cam action is accurately calculated.