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92 PRINCIPLES OF CINEMATOGRAPHY
by the film carrying a considerable quantity of solution over into the fixing tank although, in modern equipment, the 'carry over' would be into an intermediate washing tank. In larger equipment it is necessary to provide an air-squeegee between the developing and fixing tanks to ensure that only the very minimum amount of developer is lost in this manner. Automatic replenishment is not fitted to the fixing tanks of this machine since the entire solution held in these tanks is changed immediately it becomes exhausted.
Operating the Machine
Once the machine has been threaded with film, and processing has commenced, it should be possible to regard the normal running as a semi-automatic operation. This will only be so if the following precautions are observed: -(1) That the machine is always kept threaded with either film which is being processed, or used as leader. (2) That the number of times leader film has to be spliced in between films being processed is reduced to a minimum. (3) That new rolls of film, or leader film, are always loaded on the splicing table, ready to attach to the end of the film passing through the machine. (4) That a supply of take-up cores, onto which the dried film is wound, is always kept at hand near the take-up mechanism and, (5) That the stock of film staples is always maintained.
The reasons for these precautions become very obvious when the operator starts to run the machine. When it is remembered that 860-ft (262-1 -metres) of film are necessary to thread the machine completely, and that this operation takes about 30 minutes to perform, the importance of keeping the machine threaded, once this condition has been achieved, is appreciated. Similarly, if the number of times leader film is spliced in between rolls being processed can be reduced to a minimum, two purposes are served. Firstly, it will be an indication that the laboratory is running smoothly, and that the machine is operating at maximum efficiency. Secondly, it will reduce the amount of wear and tear on the leader film stock. Whilst this film is exceptionally strong it becomes brittle in time as a result of constant swelling in the solutions followed by immediate drying. It is not always possible to start or stop running leader film at the end of a roll, and the film subjected to this treatment soon contains a large number of splices, each of which should be regarded as a potential source of trouble when passing through air squeegees, etc. The work should